{"id":15983,"date":"2025-10-20T06:50:54","date_gmt":"2025-10-20T04:50:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/nievesenergia.com\/?p=15983"},"modified":"2025-10-22T08:25:29","modified_gmt":"2025-10-22T08:25:29","slug":"levolucio-del-mercat-electric-a-espanya-passat-present-i-futur","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/nievesenergia.com\/ca\/blog\/llum-i-gas\/levolucio-del-mercat-electric-a-espanya-passat-present-i-futur\/","title":{"rendered":"L&#8217;evoluci\u00f3 del mercat el\u00e8ctric a Espanya: passat, present i futur"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>El mercat el\u00e8ctric a Espanya ha experimentat grans transformacions en les \u00faltimes d\u00e8cades. Des de la <strong>liberalitzaci\u00f3 en els anys 90<\/strong> fins a l&#8217;actual transici\u00f3 cap a un <strong>model m\u00e9s sostenible i digital<\/strong>, els canvis han impactat tant a consumidors com a empreses. <\/p>\n\n<p>En aquest article repassem l&#8217;evoluci\u00f3 del sector, les seves fites clau i les perspectives de futur, en un context energ\u00e8tic ple d&#8217;innovaci\u00f3 i noves propostes.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">El sistema el\u00e8ctric abans de la liberalitzaci\u00f3 (1940\u20131997)<\/h2>\n\n<p>Durant gran part del segle XX, l&#8217;electricitat a Espanya va estar sota un model regulat, amb fort control estatal:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>En els anys 40 i 50, l&#8217;electricitat era considerada un servei p\u00fablic essencial, amb empreses distribu\u00efdores regionals i forta intervenci\u00f3 estatal en tarifes i planificaci\u00f3.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>En 1944 es va crear <strong>Endesa (Empresa Nacional d&#8217;Electricitat, S.A.)<\/strong>, companyia p\u00fablica destinada a garantir el subministrament i desenvolupar noves infraestructures.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>En 1984 va n\u00e9ixer el <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ree.es\/sites\/default\/files\/downloadable\/marcolegalestable.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Marc legal Estable (MLE)<\/a>, un sistema que regulava els ingressos de les el\u00e8ctriques amb un esquema de compensacions, assegurant rendibilitat a canvi d&#8217;inversi\u00f3.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>El consumidor no tenia capacitat d&#8217;elecci\u00f3: les tarifes eren fixades pel Govern i el subministrament estava garantit per companyies regionals, que actuaven en r\u00e8gim de monopoli natural.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">De la regulaci\u00f3 a la liberalitzaci\u00f3 del mercat el\u00e8ctric<\/h2>\n\n<p>Fins als anys 90, el sector el\u00e8ctric espanyol funcionava sota un esquema regulat, amb forta intervenci\u00f3 de l&#8217;Estat. El canvi va arribar amb la <strong>\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/act.php?id=BOE-A-1997-25340\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Llei 54\/1997 del Sector El\u00e8ctric<\/a>\n<\/strong>, que substitu\u00efa al marc anterior <a href=\"https:\/\/www.boe.es\/buscar\/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1994-28966\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">(Llei 40\/1994)<\/a>, i que va establir les bases de la liberalitzaci\u00f3. <\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Separaci\u00f3 d&#8217;activitats<\/strong>: generaci\u00f3, transport, distribuci\u00f3 i comercialitzaci\u00f3 van deixar d&#8217;estar integrades verticalment.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Creaci\u00f3 del mercat majorista<\/strong>, gestionat per l&#8217;<strong>Operador del Mercat Ib\u00e8ric d&#8217;Energia<\/strong> (<strong>\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omie.es\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">OMIE<\/a>\n<\/strong><strong>)<\/strong>, on l&#8217;electricitat es negocia di\u00e0riament segons l&#8217;oferta i la demanda.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Acc\u00e9s progressiu dels consumidors al mercat lliure:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>1998: grans consumidors industrials.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2003: mitjanes empreses.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>2009: tots els consumidors, inclosos les llars, van poder triar comercialitzadora.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Supervisi\u00f3 independent<\/strong>: encomanada a la <strong>CNMC (Comissi\u00f3 Nacional dels Mercats i la Compet\u00e8ncia)<\/strong> per a garantir transpar\u00e8ncia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>Aquest canvi va suposar passar d&#8217;un sistema r\u00edgid a un mercat en el qual el preu es forma en funci\u00f3 de la interacci\u00f3 entre productors i demandants d&#8217;energia.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Els primers anys del mercat liberalitzat (1998 &#8211; 2010)<\/h2>\n\n<p>Despr\u00e9s de la liberalitzaci\u00f3, la realitat va ser de transici\u00f3 i adaptaci\u00f3:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Concentraci\u00f3 empresarial: encara que van sorgir comercialitzadores independents, el mercat va estar dominat per les grans companyies tradicionals (Endesa, Iberdrola, Gas Natural, etc.).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Creaci\u00f3 de tarifes regulades i tarifa d&#8217;\u00faltim recurs (TUR)<\/strong>: per a protegir consumidors dom\u00e8stics i petits negocis, es va mantenir una tarifa oficial fixada per l&#8217;Estat per a pot\u00e8ncies \u2264 10 kW.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Aparici\u00f3 de noves figures:<\/strong>\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ree.es\/es\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">REE (Xarxa El\u00e8ctrica d&#8217;Espanya)<\/a>\n<\/strong> es va consolidar com a operador independent del sistema de transport i responsable de l&#8217;equilibri entre oferta i demanda.<br\/><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>CNMC (Comissi\u00f3 Nacional dels Mercats i la Compet\u00e8ncia)<\/strong> va assumir la supervisi\u00f3 de la compet\u00e8ncia i la transpar\u00e8ncia del mercat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Inici del desenvolupament renovable<\/strong>: a partir de 2004, Espanya va impulsar l&#8217;energia e\u00f2lica i l&#8217;energia solar amb sistemes de primes a la generaci\u00f3, que van disparar la instal\u00b7laci\u00f3 de renovables, encara que tamb\u00e9 van generar tensions en el d\u00e8ficit tarifari.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La segona d\u00e8cada dels 2000: els anys previs a la crisi energ\u00e8tica<\/h2>\n\n<p>En els primers anys de mercat liberalitzat s&#8217;inicio la implementaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;energia renovable. Espanya es va convertir un referent mundial en renovables gr\u00e0cies a un sistema de primes a la generaci\u00f3 verda. <\/p>\n\n<p>Aquestes primes van provocar un d\u00e8ficit tarifari fent que les ajudes es paralitzessin durant anys, fins i tot l&#8217;aparici\u00f3 del \u201cimpost al sol\u201d.<\/p>\n\n<p>En aquest mateix per\u00edode el mercat organitzat anava a poc a poc agafant for\u00e7a i es modifico la tarifa TUR (tarifa d&#8217;\u00faltim recurs) a dir-se PVPC (Preu voluntari del petit consumidor) i modificant el seu c\u00e0lcul amb a partir del mercat, afegint volatilitat en la factura dels consumidors dom\u00e8stics acollits a aquesta tarifa.<\/p>\n\n<p>M\u00e9s endavant es va reactivar l&#8217;aposta per la generaci\u00f3 renovable eliminat el \u201cimpost al sol\u201d, a m\u00e9s de promoure i crear tota la legislaci\u00f3 relativa a l&#8217;autoconsum permetent als consumidors aconseguir grans estalvis a trav\u00e9s de la instal\u00b7laci\u00f3 de generaci\u00f3, sobretot solar, en les seves llars.<\/p>\n\n<p>La situaci\u00f3 anterior va portar a un per\u00edode de preus amb poca volatilitat que amb la pand\u00e8mia de la COVID-19 i la baixada de la demanda van arribar a preus m\u00ednims de mercat.<\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Els anys recents: renovables, volatilitat i transici\u00f3 energ\u00e8tica<\/h2>\n\n<p>De la segona d\u00e8cada dels 2000 d&#8217;ara endavant, s&#8217;ha apostat per una transici\u00f3 a models energ\u00e8tics m\u00e9s sostenibles i menys basats en el carb\u00f3 o en combustibles f\u00f2ssils, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 a grans canvis causats per diferents successos geopol\u00edtics i crisis energ\u00e8tiques globals que han causat una alta volatilitat.<\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Creixement de les energies renovables<\/h3>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Espanya ha aconseguit en 2023 un r\u00e8cord hist\u00f2ric en generaci\u00f3 el\u00e8ctrica renovable, convertint a les <strong>fonts netes en protagonistes del mix energ\u00e8tic <\/strong>nacional.<\/h3>\n\n<p><strong>Dades clau de 2023<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>M\u00e9s del 50\u202f% de l&#8217;electricitat generada<\/strong> <strong>\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sistemaelectrico-ree.es\/es\/2023\/informe-del-sistema-electrico\/generacion\/generacion-de-energia-electrica\/generacion-renovable-de-energia-electrica\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">va ser renovable<\/a>\n<\/strong>, concretament un <strong>50,3\u202f%<\/strong>, la qual cosa representa el valor m\u00e9s alt registrat fins a la data<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>En termes absoluts, la <strong>producci\u00f3 renovable va aconseguir 134.321\u202f<strong>GWh<\/strong><\/strong>, un <strong>15,1\u202f%<\/strong> <strong>m\u00e9s que en 2022.<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Durant alguns moments de l&#8217;any, com el 27 de gener, es van aconseguir r\u00e8cords diaris: m\u00e9s de <strong>573 GWh d&#8217;electricitat renovable en un sol dia<\/strong>, i en un altre moment es va registrar fins al <strong>76,1\u202f%<\/strong> <strong>de participaci\u00f3<\/strong> renovable di\u00e0ria.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Algunes estimacions, com la de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ree.es\/es\/sala-de-prensa\/actualidad\/nota-de-prensa\/2023\/12\/las-renovables-baten-record-y-generan-mas-de-la-mitad-de-toda-electricidad-espana-en-2023\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">REE<\/a>, eleven aquesta xifra a <strong>50,8\u202f%<\/strong>, superant folgadament la meitat del total.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Volatilitat dels preus<\/h3>\n\n<p>Des de 2020, els preus en el mercat majorista han experimentat una gran volatilitat, marcada en primer lloc per la pand\u00e8mia de la COVID-19 i posteriorment per <strong>la crisi energ\u00e8tica global i l&#8217;impacte de la guerra a Ucra\u00efna.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<p>Durant la pand\u00e8mia els preus van aconseguir els preus m\u00ednims hist\u00f2rics fins al moment, a causa de la forta baixada de la demanda.<\/p>\n\n<p>Despr\u00e9s de la recuperaci\u00f3 postpand\u00e8mia, els preus de l&#8217;electricitat es van disparar:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>La demanda va augmentar i els preus del gas natural es van multiplicar.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>En 2021, el preu mig anual del mercat majorista espanyol va aconseguir els <strong>111,9 \u20ac\/MWh<\/strong>, el m\u00e9s alt de la hist\u00f2ria fins llavors.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>En 2022, la guerra a Ucra\u00efna va accentuar la crisi energ\u00e8tica per la por a la falta de subministrament de gas natural, vital tamb\u00e9 en la generaci\u00f3 el\u00e8ctrica. Per a limitar l&#8217;impacte, es va aplicar el <strong>\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.miteco.gob.es\/es\/prensa\/ultimas-noticias\/2022\/06\/la_comision_europeaapruebaelmecanismoibericoparalimitarelpreciod.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">mecanisme ib\u00e8ric o \u201ctopall al gas\u201d<\/a>\n<\/strong>, que va reduir temporalment el preu del gas emprat en la generaci\u00f3 el\u00e8ctrica. <\/p>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La transici\u00f3 energ\u00e8tica i els compromisos europeus<\/h2>\n\n<p>Espanya avan\u00e7a fermament en el seu cam\u00ed <strong>cap a un model energ\u00e8tic m\u00e9s net i sostenible, i amb energies m\u00e9s barates en l\u00ednia amb les exig\u00e8ncies de la Uni\u00f3 Europea.<\/strong> Aix\u00f2 es reflecteix en una s\u00e8rie de pol\u00edtiques, lleis i projectes que promouen la descarbonitzaci\u00f3 progressiva, el tancament de centrals de carb\u00f3, l&#8217;impuls a l&#8217;hidrogen verd i l&#8217;augment del pes de les renovables en el mix. <\/p>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pla Nacional Integrat d&#8217;Energia i Clima (PNIEC 2023\u20132030)<\/h3>\n\n<p>El <strong>\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.miteco.gob.es\/es\/energia\/estrategia-normativa\/pniec-23-30.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">PNIEC <\/a>\n<\/strong>\u00e9s el full de ruta estrat\u00e8gic del pa\u00eds per a complir els <strong>compromisos europeus en mat\u00e8ria d&#8217;energia i clima.<\/strong> Entre els seus objectius destacats per a 2030 estan: <\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Reduir <strong>un 32\u202f<\/strong><strong>% les emissions de gasos d&#8217;efecte d&#8217;hivernacle<\/strong> respecte a 1990<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Que les renovables aconsegueixin el <strong>81\u202f<\/strong><strong>% de la generac<\/strong>\u00e8i\u00f3 el<strong>ctrica,<\/strong> i un <strong>48\u202f<\/strong><strong>% en el consum final d&#8217;energ<\/strong><strong>ia<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Millorar l&#8217;efici\u00e8ncia energ\u00e8tica en un <strong>43\u202f<\/strong><strong>%<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reduir la d<strong>epend\u00e8ncia energ\u00e8tica en un 50<\/strong>\u202f<strong>%<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Llei de Canvi Clim\u00e0tic i Transici\u00f3 Energ\u00e8tica (Llei 7\/2021)<\/h3>\n\n<p>Aprovada al maig de 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.boe.es\/diario_boe\/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2021-8447\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">aquesta llei<\/a> estableix el marc legal per a complir l&#8217;Acord de Par\u00eds i avan\u00e7ar cap a la neutralitat clim\u00e0tica abans de 2050. Inclou objectius ambiciosos com: <\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Reduir les emissions en almenys un 55\u202f<strong>% per a 2030<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Augmentar la generaci\u00f3 el\u00e8ctrica renovable fins al <strong>74\u202f<\/strong><strong>% per a 2030<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Accelerar l&#8217;efici\u00e8ncia energ\u00e8tica, promoure la mobilitat neta i prohibir noves extraccions d&#8217;hidrocarburs<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Nieves Energia, el teu aliat en la transici\u00f3 energ\u00e8tica<\/h2>\n\n<p>La transformaci\u00f3 del mercat el\u00e8ctric a Espanya no \u00e9s nom\u00e9s una q\u00fcesti\u00f3 de regulaci\u00f3 o de compromisos europeus: t\u00e9 un impacte directe en cost de l&#8217;energia i en la forma en qu\u00e8 empreses, comunitats i llars consumeixen i la gestionen.<\/p>\n\n<p>En aquest context, <strong>\n  <a href=\"https:\/\/nievesenergia.com\/ca\/productes-i-serveis\/electricitat-i-gas\/llum\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Nieves Energ\u00eda<\/a>\n<\/strong> es posiciona com un soci estrat\u00e8gic que converteix aquests grans objectius de descarbonitzaci\u00f3 en solucions concretes per al client:<\/p>\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Electricitat 100% renovable amb certificats d&#8217;origen<\/strong>, que garanteix un consum alineat amb els objectius europeus de sostenibilitat.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Plans de llum i gas natural a mesura<\/strong>, amb tarifes fixes, mixtes o indexades per a optimitzar costos en funci\u00f3 de cada perfil.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Serveis d&#8217;efici\u00e8ncia i optimitzaci\u00f3 energ\u00e8tica,<\/strong> des d&#8217;estudis de consum fins a reducci\u00f3 de costos fixos i energia reactiva.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wallet Solar i autoconsum, que permeten maximitzar l&#8217;estalvi, gestionar excedents i avan\u00e7ar cap a la \u201cfactura zero\u201d.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Infraestructures de futur<\/strong>, com a carregadors per a vehicles el\u00e8ctrics i representaci\u00f3 de generadors renovables.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n<p>A m\u00e9s, <a href=\"https:\/\/nievesenergia.com\/ca\/productes-i-serveis\/electricitat-i-gas\/llum\/\">Nieves Energ\u00eda<\/a> destaca per valors diferencials en un mercat cada vegada m\u00e9s complex: <strong>transpar\u00e8ncia en la informaci\u00f3, atenci\u00f3 directa al client, innovaci\u00f3 digital i comprom\u00eds \u00e8tic amb la sostenibilitat<\/strong>. Tamb\u00e9 per oferir altres serveis energ\u00e8tics per a complementar el subministrament el\u00e8ctric, com la instal\u00b7laci\u00f3 de panells fotovoltaics, o el gas natural. Si est\u00e0s buscant un <strong>partner estrat\u00e8gic per a la teva comunitat o la teva empresa<\/strong>, <a href=\"https:\/\/nievesenergia.com\/ca\/productes-i-serveis\/electricitat-i-gas\/#contactar\">posa&#8217;t en contacte amb el nostre equip<\/a> i et proporcionarem tota la informaci\u00f3 que necessites per a comen\u00e7ar a estalviar en la teva factura i optimitzar el teu consum el\u00e8ctric.  <\/p>\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>El mercat el\u00e8ctric a Espanya ha experimentat grans transformacions en les \u00faltimes d\u00e8cades. Des de la liberalitzaci\u00f3 en els anys 90 fins a l&#8217;actual transici\u00f3 cap a un model m\u00e9s sostenible i digital, els canvis han impactat tant a consumidors com a empreses. En aquest article repassem l&#8217;evoluci\u00f3 del sector, les seves fites clau i [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":15978,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jet_sm_ready_style":"","_jet_sm_style":"","_jet_sm_controls_values":"","_jet_sm_fonts_collection":"","_jet_sm_fonts_links":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[70],"tags":[119,106],"class_list":["post-15983","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-llum-i-gas","tag-mercado-electrico","tag-mercat-electric"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>L&#039;evoluci\u00f3 del mercat el\u00e8ctric a Espanya: passat, present i futur - Nieves Energia<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Coneix l&#039;evoluci\u00f3 del mercat el\u00e8ctric a Espanya repassant la seva evoluci\u00f3, les seves fites clau i les perspectives de futur.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/nievesenergia.com\/ca\/blog\/llum-i-gas\/levolucio-del-mercat-electric-a-espanya-passat-present-i-futur\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L&#039;evoluci\u00f3 del mercat el\u00e8ctric a Espanya: passat, present i futur - 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